They blame him for Venezuela's deep economic crisis and accuse the electoral commission of deliberately delaying a referendum that could shorten his stay in power.
Supporters of Mr Maduro are also rallying in huge numbers. The government accuses the opposition of trying to mount a coup.
The government said the opposition had failed to attract the one million people they were expecting in their march, in what the authorities dubbed the"
Takeover of Caracas"."The nation has triumphed. They wanted to intimidate the people but the people are here," said Mr Maduro at a rally in central Caracas.But opposition leaders said their protest had gathered at least their anticipated one million people."
We have shown to the world the importance of Venezuela and how much it wants change," said opposition politician Jesus Torrealba. Dressed predominantly in white, they chanted "we are going to bring down Maduro".
Protesters said they had enough of the policies of thegoverning United Socialist Party of Venezuela."We are going to defeat hunger, crime, inflation and corruption. They've done nothing in 17 years.
Their time is finished," Naty Gutierrez told Reuters.In the run-up to the march, a number of opposition politicians were detained. Last week, Daniel Ceballos of the opposition Popular Will party was returned to prison after having spent ayear under house arrest awaiting trial on charges of rebellion.
The Interior Ministry said he was planning on escaping from house arrest to carry out acts of violence during Thursday's rally.Mr Ceballos was one of the politicians arrested in 2014 over violent anti-government protests that swept through Venezuela at the time.
Forty-three people on both sides of the political divide where killed during those protests.Popular Will party activists Carlos Melo and Yon Goicoechea have also been arrested over the past few days, the first suspected of carrying a "detonatorcord" and the latter of carrying explosives.
Opposition leader Henrique Capriles said he hoped that they could fill the main avenues of Caracas with people protesting peacefully.
The opposition hopes the march will pressure the electoral authorities into allowing them to launch the second petition needed to trigger the recall referendum as soon as possible.
Timing is key as the date when the referendum is held will determine what happens next.If a referendum should go against the president before 10 January, new elections will be held, which the opposition hopes to win.
But if it is held after that date and Mr Maduro is recalled, his loyal vice-president will serve out the end of his term until 2019. -BBC
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